Mix Design

• Type 2 Cement   Confers moderate sulfation resistance to the concrete
• Type 5 Cement     Confers high sulfation resistance to the concrete
• Microsilica             Pozzalanic action sharply reduces porosity
• Water reducers    Allow workable mix with low water cement ratio and low porosity
• Aggregate eval.      Evaluate aggregates and cement for chemical reactivity

Reinforcement Protection

• Reduce porosity    Low water cement ratio and pozzalans to reduce porosity
• Inhibitors               Calcium nitrate acts to block the action of chloride ions on steel
• Epoxy coated       Reinforcement is coated with an epoxy coating to shield from cathodic attack
• Galvanized            Reinforcement is coated with zinc as a sacrificial anode

Non-ferrous reinforcement

• Stainless steel        Rebar is available grade 60, strand is potentially available
• Fiberglass             Fiberglass rebar is available, low modulus of elasticity requires design
• Carbon fiber         Rebar and strand are available.  Cost is a limiting factor

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